Single Parent Homes and Academic Achievement Essay Example for Free

whiz Pargonnt Homes and Academic Achievement Essay there are several theories that keep be use to study the way family structure inclines educateman movement, as well as to demonstrate the influence of an another(prenominal)(prenominal) factors much(prenominal) as impoverishment and family resources. When these factors are to a broader extent closely examined it is evident that within any family structure a lack of necessary financial and confirmative resources will negatively affect childrens schoolman transaction.As the number of both sensation and two-parent families living in poverty rises, this interrogation is important in helping to develop an educational system in the United States that is both equal and effective for the growing changes in family demographics. Keywords academic achievement, oneness-parent homes, Family shortage Model, Risk and preventative Factor Model, social capital theory, enate involvement Children from single parent homes are not as negatively refered academically as some in the popular media suggest.Raising children without a partner presents many challenges, but there is research that points to strategies to mitigate these issues. Specifically in ground of childrens academic achievement, studies show that it is other social and environmental factors, not single parenthood itself, which accounts for the achievement gap between children from single-parent homes and their peers from nuclear families. Statistics In 2007, there were approximately 13. 7 million single parents in the United States (Wolf, 2011). This number was an increased from an estimated 11 million on 1994 (Engber, 1995).In roughly 81% of these homes, the mother is the custodial parent, with in effect(p) 17% of fathers as the primary custodian. Of the mothers who are head of household, 45% are divorced or separated, 34. 2% cause never been married, 19% are remarried (to soulfulness other than other parent), and 1. 9% are widowed (Wolf, 2011). Other important statistic regarding single-parent homes is that al close to 40% are living at or below the poverty line in the United States. Nearly 90% of single-parents however, are employed full- duration (Wolf, 2011).This places many families in a situation where their income is too gamey to stupefy state funded services such as Medicaid and cash assistance, but not high enough to meet the familys financial needs. Research models Different models have been used throughout the years to study the effects of single parenting on children. In the 1970s the Family Deficit Model suggested that single-parent homes have a negative impact on children because the model starts from the assumption that the traditional nuclear family structure is ideal.This model did not take into account economic or other social factors that influence families. In the early 1990s the Risk and contraceptive Factor Model was developed. This model states that family structure is one of several run a risk factors. Under this model, a risk factor can be any environmental, familial, or social factor that has the potential to have a negative impact on a family. Protective factors, as described by this model, are those that positively computer backup a family and can lessen the effects of risk factors (Adoption Media LLC, 2011).A third theory used to research the effect of single-parent homes on academic achievement is social capital theory. Social capital refers to a person or familys ability to find resources such as income and education. According to Shriner et al. (2010), As a construct, social capital is measured by the quality and quantity of networks connecting children to the resources of their parents (p. 447). Using this model, researchers have identified factors other than family structure that influence academic achievement.One article stated Although similar to each other, adolescents in single-mother and stepfather family structures had lower grades and vocabulary sc ores compared to their two-biological-parent counterparts. In these family structures, the academic outcomes were more(prenominal) than likely related to mothers race, education, monitoring, and attachment, than family structure. (Shriner, 2010, p. 446) Academic Achievement The phrase academic achievement refers to the level of mastery in certain subject areas, not including ones potential to achieve (Center for American feeler, 2006).Beginning with the No Child Left Behind Act, states are required to measure academic achievement of public school students using similar tests and other tools (Center for American Progress, 2006). There has been much debate over the effect of single-parenting on childrens academic achievement. Some studies have shown that children from single-parent homes do not perform as well in school and have higher dropout rates than children from two-parent homes (Entwisle, 1996). In 1988, it was reported that the rate of grade repetition for children of sing le parents was 75% higher than children from nuclear families (Entwisle, 1996).Other studies have stated that children from single-parent homes are less likely to attend college and perform less well on govern tests (Hampden-Thompson, 2005). In contrast, other research demonstrates that being from a single-parent home is not necessarily detrimental to academic achievement. According to one website devoted to research and discipline on single-parenting Exceptionally achieving individuals in virtually every human endeavor are more likely to have missed a parent roe (1952a) learned from her examination of notable contemporary scientists that 15% had lost a parent by death in the first place age 10.Broken down by field, this happened to 25% of the biologists, 13% of the physical scientists, and 9% of the social scientists. To place this figure in perspective, Roe referred to data showing that only around 6% of college students lost a parent by age 10. Roe also mentioned Bells (1937 ) work on illustrious mathematicians, in which around one-quarter had lost a parent before age 10 and nearly one-third before age 14 parental loss can occur by means other than orphanhood, such as alcoholism, abandonment, and divorce (The Liz Library)One of the reasons for the change in views on this issue may be that earlier research was conducted mainly with single-parent families that became that way through divorce. The research did not include the trauma of divorce and the change in socioeconomic status that is often the result of divorce. It could be these factors, not the family structure itself, that accounts for the differences in academic achievement (Entwisle, A Parents Economic Shadow Family Structure Versus Family Resources as Influences on Early School Achievement, 1995).Parental education, particularly that of the mother, is also pinpointed as having a major(ip) influence on a childs academic achievement (Shriner, 2010). Children who have mothers who did not complete high school scored lower on standardized tests in math and reading. Conversely, when those mothers acquired more education, childrens test scores improved (Shriner, 2010). Many young mothers who become pregnant in high school are amongst the group of single-parent families.If these women are not able to complete high school or go on to college, the result could be lower academic achievement for their children (Shriner, 2010). Another possible explanation for research that shows lower academic achievement in children from single-parent homes is lack of financial resources and policies that support various types of families. Of 11 countries studied by Pong, et al. (2003), the Unites States ranked lowest in achievement differences between children from single versus two-parent homes.The researchers in this study also found there are several countries with equally high rates of single-parent homes as the United States. A major difference however, is that the United States is the only co untry that did not flip government funded family allowances. Countries such as Austria, Norway, and Canada, offer these family allowances to lower-income families, which offer a major source of financial support (Pong, 2003). This extra income can provide enough support that a single parent can work just one job and be available to be more involved in the lives of their children.Parental Involvement In both single and two-parent homes, parental involvement in a childs education is found to be a major factor influencing academic achievement (Shriner, 2010). Anne Lewis provides an prototype of this fact in her article For example, factors that together explain almost 90% of the differences among eighth-graders in math performance on the 1992 National Assessment of Educational Progress are ones parents control student absenteeism, variety of reading materials available in the home, and excessive television watching.Reading aloud to young children, the report says, is the single most important activity that parents can undertake to influence the future reading success of their children. (Lewis, 1995, p. 431) Several studies are now showing that factors such as time spent doing homework with children, mothers level of education, and volunteering at a childs school, contribute to higher levels of academic achievement (Shriner, 2010). Discussion corporate trust the vast body of research, one conclusion that can be drawn is that there are factors beyond family structure that impact academic achievement more than family structure itself.Poverty is consistently identified as a major contributor to lower achievement scores. While supporting children on one income sort of than two makes it more likely that a single-parent family falls below the poverty line, as the economy continues to decline and unemployment numbers rise, more and more two-parent families find themselves in poverty as well (DeNavas-Walt, 2011). According the 2010 information from the U. S. Census Bur eau, there are 46. 2 million people in this country living at or below the poverty line.This is the largest number found in the 52 years that poverty has been studied (DeNavas-Walt, 2011). In countries that have developed policies that help support and supplement families below the poverty line, the achievement scores on standardized tests have improved (Pong, 2003). Without solid support policies in place to assist families in poverty, despite the structure of that family, achievement scores will continue to fall in the United States. Building on the issue of poverty and academic achievement is the issue of parental involvement.With parental involvement being a key factor in academic success, it stands to reason that in families where one or more parent has to work more than one full-time job or one job with an excessive amount of hours, there is less opportunity for parental involvement in education. Despite the changing structure and economics of families in the United States, th e educational system and governmental policies have not caught-up in terms of supporting family involvement (Lewis, 1995).There is research to indicate that stronger policies that support parental literacy and financial resources for low-income families is correlated with higher achievement scores (Pong, 2003). There is a great deal of research about family structure and academic achievement. Though it was previously thought that being in a single-parent household was in itself detrimental to a childs achievement, research has now brought to light factors that are more specific and are now disputing the original conclusions about single-parent homes.This research will be instrumental in helping educators, parents, and policy-makers to make changes that will better support families and improve academic achievement in children in the United States. References Adoption Media LLC. (2011, November). Single Parenting and Childrens Academic Achievement. Retrieved from adoption. com http//l ibrary. adoption. com/articles/single-parenting-and-childrens-academic-achievement. html This article cites significant research on the issue of single-parenting and academic achievement.Specifically the article discusses two of the major theories researched in terms of family structure, the Family Deficit Model and the Risk and Protective Factors Model. Adoption Media LLC provide community service information and resources to families considering adoption from any angle. This company has provided assistance and information to several password media organization, and thoroughly cites research for the articles on the website. Center for American Progress. (2006, July 26). Measuring Academic Achievement. Retrieved from americanprogress. rg http//www. americanprogress. org/issues/2006/07/b1982011. html The Center for American Progress is a political action mission which reviews and advocates on different political issues. The website for this organization provides a detailed definitio n for the term academic achievement and how it is measured. DeNavas-Walt, C. P. (2011). U. S. Census Bureau, Current Populations Reports, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance coverage in the United States 2010. Washington D. C. U. S. Government Printing Office. This

Native Americans in California Missions Essay Example for Free

autochthonal Americans in California agencys EssaySpanish cherished to colonize some of America, just like the Europeans. Building religious based bursters all passim California was a way for them to maintain ultimate social, political, and stinting control. Spanish explorers arrived on the border of California during the 16th century. The very first Franciscan mission was built in San Diego during 1769. By 1833, twenty two Spanish directions existed from Southern California to Northern California. native Americans make up about one-third of those who lived and worked at the Missions. There were an estimated 310,000 Indians spiritedness in California during the 16th century. The Spanish provided the Native Americans with the necessities such(prenominal) as food, clothing, and shelter. Although the California Missions had the right intentions of providing for the Native Americans, the Spanish acted in an inhumane and unfair way. Junipero Serra arrived in San Diego in 1768 and lead a theme of Franciscans to find property and more importantly, workers. He welcomed the Native Americans with open arms and open doors.In a primary document written by Junipero Serra himself, he admitted that he used the Native Americans unaccompanied for work. However, he said that providing them with food and shelter compensates for their hard work. So if families other than Indian come from at that place, it will serve up the same purpose very wellthat is, if we can provide for them(Serra). Serras defenders state that he respected the Natives culture. However, his criticizers argue that he used force to inhale the Native Americans to live at the Missions against their will.Although the Natives did not agree with Serras beliefs and actions, they were very respectful for the most part. For those who did not respect Serra received physical punishment with whips, chains, and stocks to follow up religious obedience (Serra). Junipero Serra was a great leader who made sure the California Missions were in order. The California Mission had worthy intentions and plans for the Native Americans. The Spanish welcomed them into their homes and provided them with the essentials such as food, clothing, and shelter.However, living at the Missions had its consequences. The Native Americans were forced to change their entire lifestyles from their beliefs, their daily routines, to the way they dressed and what they ate. Although anthropologists conducted that some Native Americans enjoyed their unfermented lives, more than cardinal percent refused to convert their ways of life (Sandos, 13). For thousands of years, the Natives were accustomed with their own lifestyle and beliefs, and all of a sudden, everything was stripped away from them. Even their personal identity was taken away from them.The Franciscans provided each individual with Spanish names which were to be used or else of their native birth names. The missions were not agents of intentional enslav ement, but rather rapid and therefore violent social and cultural change (Archibald, 24). The Native Americans ended up becoming tax pay citizens along with being under Spanish wing twenty- quadruplet hours a day, seven days a week. The Franciscans had very divers(prenominal) beliefs and traditions from the Native Americans. The Native Americans were forced to convert their religion to Roman Catholics.The Native Americans were more of a spiritual group rather than a religious group. Instead of believing in personified figures, such as Jesus, they believed spirits lie in spite of appearance their nature. Native Americans feed their energy off of nature. They believed that they are protected by the Mother Nature that surrounded them. The Spanish used religion to explain their actions, which made it okay for them to convert the Native Americans beliefs because they were backed up by their god (California). Every person living and working at the Mission had to be officially baptized as a rite of passage.On Sundays and holidays everyone was obligated to go to church and worship. The Natives were forced to memorize Catholic rituals, songs, and scriptures. Prayer lasted four hours on Sundays and feast days. On a regular basis on typical days, prayer lasted two hours. Catholicism was a huge part of living at the Missions. The Missions were surrounded by Spanish soldiers so everyone was watched very closely. Once the Native Americans accepted the Spanish lifestyle, it was nearly impossible to escape. It was as if they were held against their own will. A few sources compare the treatment of Native Americans to slavery (Archibald, 48).Slavery is defined as an economic exploitation that benefits only the slave-owner. In the California Missions, the Native Americans worked solely to provide and maintain a certain lifestyle for the Spanish. Besides minimal food and shelter, the Native Americas natural human rights were stripped from them. Native America women made clothi ng, prepared meals, cleaned the rooms, and whatever domestic chores needed to be done at the Mission. Native American mothers even had to care for Spanish children instead of focusing on their own (Mission). The Native American men had to hunt for food and build new Missions.In addition, they learned carpentry, leatherworkers, smiths, and farm work. The Franciscans controlled their days into a rigorous schedule announced by church bells (Archibald, 104). If the workers were not done with their tasks by the chimes of the church bells, they would suffer major consequences. The Franciscans did not view their actions as immurement because they believed that the providence of food and shelter compensates for Natives hard work. In reality, the Missions were not a place to live a life of ease nor was it a place to modernise personal fortune and prosperity.The Native Americans were not worked to death like the slaves in southern United States at this period. However, the strict regulatio n, cruel and unusual punishments and forced new traditions are extremely inhumane acts. According to Julio Cesar, When I was a boy the treatment given to the Indians at the Mission was not good at all. We were at the mercy of the administrator, who ordered us to be flogged whenever and however he took notion (Mission). Every Mission had two priests. One priests duties were to preach and determine about religion.The other priests duties were strictly on the work field. He instructed and gave the Native Americans and other workers their duties. The lifestyle in the California Missions was set in a very rigorous schedule so it was nearly impossible for the Native Americans to take a break or escape the hardship. The Natives resisted colonization after(prenominal) just a short time living and working at the Missions. There were a few deadly rebellions conducted by the Native Americans. They destroyed Mission property and even threatened to kill priests. The most infamous attack occurr ed in San Diego.On November 4, 1775, hundreds of men completely destroyed the Cuiamac Rancheria Mission of San Diego. The men besides killed three Hispanics, including the Father, Padre Jaime (Sandos, 92). In addition, in 1824, another great Indian rebellion in California occurred at the Missions of Barbara. A large part of the Mission building was wrecked by a large fire. On the same day, hundreds of Native Americans attacked the Spanish defenders and soldiers. Leaders of the rebellion were severely punished. Seven were executed and the others were imprison or required to do even crueler labor.The Natives revolted because of their poor treatment and forced labor enforced by the soldiers and Fathers (Sandos, 73). These rebellions were among the many others throughout the 16th century in the California missions. This proves that the Native Americans were furious about getting different beliefs and work forced onto them. The Spanish settlers caused a lot of health problems to flouri sh all throughout California. Soon after the arrival of Spanish colonists, diseases spread from Southern California to Northern California so Native American fatalities heightened.Highly infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles, and syphilis killed thousands of Native Americans, especially children, so the Indian population dropped drastically (Sandos, 64). About sixty percent of the Mission Native Americans death was collectible to introduced diseases. In just a few decades, the Native American population in California decreased from 310,000 to about 100,000. Since the California Missions held many residences, people lived in such confined spaces which caused contagious diseases to spread rapidly.In order to keep the population at a steady rate for enough workers, Mission leaders separated Native American children from their parents to maintain the childrens health to save them to work at the Missions as they got older (California). The Natives were furious that their familie s were being separate. Mothers were not there to care for their children, so the Native children were on their own. There was a lack of physicians to care for the ill so not everyone could be helped. Diseases were not the only basis why the Native population dropped drastically.They went through rigorous changes in diet so their bodies were not used to the food they were eating. In addition, malnutrition caused toxins in their bodies. In addition, the violent demanding manual labor is a factor that contributed to their inability to overcome the sickness. Death rates were higher than birth rates so the Mission had to keep recruiting different tribes all throughout California (Mission). By 1834, there were only about 15,000 Native American residents in the twenty two Missions. The Spanish were only in contact with the Native Americans for personal gain.The Franciscans maintained total economic, social, and political control all throughout California. Very few Native Americans chose to stay at the Missions voluntarily. During their time at the Missions, they had to conduct harsh labor and all of their rights were taken away from them. Although they provided the Native Americans with food, shelter, and clothing, the Franciscans treated them like slaves. The Spanishs involvement backfired since a mass of Native Americans died due to illness, making them nearly extinct. The physical and metal demands required were a major strain on the Native Americans.

Television Public Service Broadcasting In India

Television Public Service broadcast medium In India nonwithstanding having global presence by dint of deuce international transplants from its bouquet, Doordarshan still lacks critical acclaim and popularity. After 50 stratums of its existence, it is far a look from organism a responsible exoteric spreader producing quality programmes considering the technical up-gradations. This article tries to review the long 50 years of video recording set earthly concern manise in India, beginning with exploring its origin in 1959, travelling by means of the mile stones in broadcasting, and concluding at analyzing the pitfalls and challenges ahead, as against separate PBS in the world. This is purely a qualitative study ground on textual analysis.Key WordsPublic Service Broadcasting, Doordarshan, denudate, Prasar Bharati, SITE, Propaganda, BBC, CNN, LPG Policy, major planet Television, Carnegie documentIntroductionFor more in India, telecasting still means Doordarshan, the only visual Public Service Broadcasting in India. The emergence of television in India in 1959 kind take several prospects of devising the medium a facilitator of common education and affectionate good since, in a country same India, a macrocosm broadcasting can figure out a very crucial role in eradicating illiteracy and sociable superstitions considering the multi-religious and multi-cultural population it holds. The idea of a public advantage broadcaster, as against the dominant American model of market-driven moneymaking(prenominal) broadcaster, is of utmost importance for a fast developing country like India, where it has to render diverse audience, culture and language. Having accessible to 92% of population, the expectations of Doordarsshan as an active social commentator and guide is quite obvious. Public returns broadcasting in its ideal form is driven by a candid vision of providing accessible, diverse, independent and high-quality content to citizens. But this con cept is losing ground, as 24 hour satellite conduct altering the entertainment and educational need and perceptions of public to a greater extend which result in the tapering demarcation amid commercial and public service broadcasting in India. However, when comparing with the peeled(prenominal) public service broadcasters in the world like BBC, ABC, and CBS, Indian public service broadcasting rarely get mentioned in International discourses. A service that could have do revolutions in social upliftment and every sectors of social life is struggling to get audience and their attention. Television in India, which celebrated its 50th year of existence in India, pose several concerns for Prasar Bharathi, the autonomous body ruling the public service media- distri hardlye and Doordarshan, to rethink their strategies and programme quality. The proliferation of satellite commercial broadcasters made the road steady punitive for the public broadcasters whose major source of financia l income is mainly the government fund. However recently, Doordarshan is again giving a ray of wish that it could make changes as a public broadcaster, just now the revolution is very much gradual. This is evident in some of its liaison and joint venture with hush-hush channels in broadcasting programmes like Satyameva Jayate. The rationale for the failure of public broadcasting track downs from policy-making patronage, bottlenecks to financial system and lethargic attitude towards broadcasting.Television as a social educator- an initial undertaking dismantle though experiments in television broadcasting were initiated during the 1920s in US and Europe, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting was reluctant to accept the demand from the educational institutions, politicians, industrialists and the middle-class in urban areas for the introduction of television in India (Kumar, 2000). The government felt that television is only a luxuriousness that is non affordable for a nation like India, which is only in its genesis to reach economically stable. However, in 1958, Philips demonstrated the television usages in an battle array at New Delhi, the capital of India, who also put forward an offer to provide Indian government with low approach transmitters. UNESCOs grant of $20,000 for the purchase of union receivers together with United States offer of some equipment was least unacceptable for the Ministry, which gave a green signal to it on an experimental basis. But the sole purpose was to jaw what a system like television can do to disciplineal programmes and formal education in India. On September 1959, under the de startlement of AIR (All India Radio), a Television Centre was established in New Delhi, having low power transmitter, the range of which was only 40 Kilometers around Delhi. Unlike today, television was not a part of every household, but it was provided at about 180 teleclubs, situated around New Delhi. Social education programmes be gan to be telecasted twice a week each of 20 minutes duration. The programmes were modest, advising public about some hygienic activities. The Federal Republic of Ger many an(prenominal) helped in setting up a chattel studio at New Delhi and, on 1965 august, apart from these social education programmes, entertainment and information programmes were introduced. By 1967, the duration of the service was increased to 3 hrs and the range of transmitter too was extended to 60 Kilometers encompassing more than areas reaching to neighboring states like Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The most significant programme was Krishi Darshan (1967) with the help of Department of nuclear Energy, the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the Delhi Administration and the State organizations of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.The great man and visionary behind the broadcasting suppuration in India is Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the brain behind the Indian Space exploration, who believed that satellite television s ystem could bring in further reach to social and economical developments and make the communication system in India more potential(Singhal Rogers, 2001). As per his vision, a study Satellite Communication Group (NASCOM) was established in 1968. It recommended a broadcasting system in which communication satellites and ground based microwave relay transmitters will be used. Accordingly, in 1969, Department of Atomic Energy signed an agreement with NASA for the loan of a satellite free of cost for a year for a pilot experiment project called SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) which took off on August 1975. The service used NASAs ATS- 6 satellite to broadcast programmes directly through the satellite to the receivers or community sets installed at schools (through earth transmitters) at 2400 villages, spread over six states- Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The programmes on education, agriculture, wellness and family planning , were broadcasted four hours a day from earth stations at Delhi and Ahmedabad. Programs were planned and produced by AIR with the help of government representatives, academicians and social workers at productions in Delhi, Hyderabad and Cuttack. To affix with it, ISRO too set up its own Audio- Visual instruction Division to plan and produce programmes according to schedule. Of these four hours, one and a half extent was aimed at children of primary and pre-primary schools. Since the satellite had only one video channel and two Audio channels, programmes could be transmitted only to two synchronized languages with akin picture (Kumar, K.J 2000) hence 22 minutes each day in Telugu, Kannada, Oriya and Hindi languages. Even though programmes relating to agriculture, family planning, health and education had some effect on the public, it didnt made a deep mark in the societal and educational development in India. A SITE evaluation Studies was instituted by the Planning heraldic bea ring and Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad who concluded that there were no appreciable gains in the adoption of agricultural practices or family planning methods. Technologically too, SITE encountered many problems. By the first month itself, half of the TV receivers were out of revisal giving valuable learning experience for software and hardware people of the media. But contempt its failure, SITE was the most ambitious step taken by the country in the television broadcasting.Nuances with Other Public BroadcastersJohn Reith, the first Director global of BBC opined that broadcasting should not be driven by market considerations, but should be reflecting high cultural standards. As much(prenominal) a license defrayal system was introduced so as to make fund for the financial activities of BBC and to increase their responsibility towards the public. Until the emergence of other mystical and satellite channels, commercials were unknown to BBC. But even when the competition enh anced among the broadcasters upon commercials, BBC almost relied on license payment as their main revenue source. Because of the fear of public protest, care is eternally given to draw together to their policies and accountability to their viewers. Today BBC has branched into different channel catering to al sections of the socity like BBC News, BBC Entertainment, BBC Knowledge CBeebies etc. BBC Learning, an online forum for all age groups spans a childlike range of activities from programmes and resources for Schools and the Open University to educational interactive programmes like language learning, specific subject classes etc. It provides high quality learning resources on television, radio and online.In America, Corporation of Public Broadcasting (CPB), a non- emolument institution created in 1967, funding Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR), is vested with the responsibility of public service broadcasting. Even though considered as a market d riven broadcasting, the quality and the role played by a non-profit broadcasting corporation is value conferring. It is engaged primarily in the production, acquisition, distribution or dissemination of educational and cultural television or radio programmes and it meets the needs of the public. It is written in their Broadcasting Congressional Declaration Policy that the development of programming that involves creative risks and that amountresses the needs of un treatd and underserved audiences, particularly children and minorities (http//www.cpb.org/aboutpb/act/). Even though institutional setup is quite alike(p) to Prasar Bharathi, program quality and diversity is incomparable.In Japan too, like India, broadcasting began as a public operation by Nippon Hoso Kokkai (NHK) in 1926, but the social responsibilities are defined in the broadcasting law. The concept of self-regulation, social responsibilities and public inte proportionality requirement of media are as key concepts to achieve the harmony between freedom of speech and ex matterion and social order under the liberal and democratic system (Kishore, 2003). The earnestness and sincerity of public broadcasting is evident in the NHK Business Report which says,We aim at Broadcasting that is trustworthy and approachable. We will ever so be aware of the audience, make full use of freshly media such as the Internet, and establish two way communications by absorbing many opinions, and reflecting them in the contents. In view of the new age of multiple media in the 21st century, we will endeavor to strengthen the basis of public broadcasting by enhancing the connection with the audience. (NHK Official Website)Even though public service broadcasting of radio in India started in the BBC model of transmission, television didnt maintain this status quo. Doordarshan, since its inception, relied on government fund and later(prenominal) on in commercials, even though license was in currency until 1985. As said e arlier, the control of broadcasting was completely vested upon government and hence left no chance of public commitment. By 1985, in the great television boom, advertising revenues allowed the abolition of license fees on television enabling the expansion of Doordarshan services. delegations appointed at different period, had diverse views on the control of PBS in India. Ashok Chanda Committee (1966) recommended for an institutional change to liberate the rigid financial and administrative procedures of the government because according to them it is not possible for a creative medium like broadcasting to flourish under a regime of departmental rules and regulations. Like BBC, it urged for a corporation set up by an Act of Parliament. But B.G Varghese Committee recommended an autonomous Trust called Akash Bharati which should be independent, impartial and autonomous, also under an Act of Parliament.In the wake of LPG Policy itself, there were uprisings from the part of administrators and officials to free the public broadcaster from the clutches of political administration. The demand for autonomy for the broadcast media was gaining increasing support. Even though the National Front establishment introduced the Prasar Bharati tiptop in the first Parliamentary session in January 1990 to grant autonomy to broadcast media, the Bill was kept quiescent until 1997. Witnessing the proliferation of satellite channels, thinking that privatization will be the refreshing factor, government waved green signal to the Act on September 1997. Thus the Prasar Bharathi Board came into existence under whose supervision and guidance public service broadcasting survive till date. The major drawback was the inability to put the Prasar Bharati Bill into force when it was passed in 1990, which was the pertinent time, and when it was passed, it became too late, as the media scene became crowded with private satellite broadcasters, where Doordarshan became a mere cacophony. By analyzi ng the history of other public broadcasters of the world, it is evident that India probably may be the only broadcaster that delayed the comprehension and formation of independent public service broadcaster, even though the facility and service began decades before. It took almost four decades to make Public Broadcasting freed from the clutches of Government regime, but as it is formed as an act of Parliament, it still prevails under government consent and mercy.At the initial stage, programmes were only in English and Hindi. Later, upon Varghese Committee recommendations a three- tier system of broadcasting was introduced- National, regional and local- catering to diverse culture and language. At present Doordarshan operated through a network of 1400 terrestrial transmitter that cover almost 91% of population having 10 National Channels, 41 Regional and State Networks and two International Channel (DD Bharati, DD India). Even though AIR too come under the same governance of Prasar Bharati, they absolutely lack political coordination between them, making both work like separate entity.Amidst the Satellite BoomThe introduction of colour television prior to the Asian games was an appreciating step taken by the broadcasting ministry. Nevertheless the sale of TV sets too soared as the people wish to watch the games form their drawing rooms itself. But the Indian economy was still dwindling because of its policy of self reliance, closing doors to the rest of the world in fear of cultural imperialism. This was in fact the best time for Doordarshan to stamp its presence as a responsible public broadcaster by telecasting everlasting developmental stories. However, as a result of LPG (Liberalization, Privitization and Globalization) Policy in 1991, CNN was the first private channel to operate in India through the live coverage of Gulf war in 1991.Subsequently, Star TV owned by the media mogul Murdoch went on air with its four channels. It was a thrive hit for the pub lic broadcaster Doordarshan since the newly came channels concentrated more on entertainment and refreshing programmes, whether Doordarshan was still dwindling on defining its role. charm Doordarshan as a mass medium had succeeded enormously with development support communication initially and reached out to marginalize sections with local content in distributed areas of the country, it had failed desperately in its agenda of social development and communication, when the sudden inflow of satellite channels and foreign programmes conquered the small screens.Doordarshan responded to the proliferation of satellite channels through two veneer- increasing the number of channels and restructuring the contents. Hence, its four second channels operating in Delhi, Bombay, Madras and Lucknow operating their regional services, were merged into a single national channel named DD2 or DD Metro, which turned to be a pure entertainment channel with soap operas, film based programmes, sit-coms, g ame shows etc. Later on in the subsequent months, the coverage of this new channel was extended to include 18 more cities which now reach at almost everywhere in India. The DD 1 remained under the banner of development programming, along with the intelligence agency bulletins, for which it was introduced in 1959. In order to compete with the growing popularity of STAR TV and Zee TV, Doordarshan started a 24 hr satellite movie channel through INSAT 2B, dubbed Movie Club, showing Hindi and English hit movies. However the channel was abolished four years later since its viewership declined because of its regular broadcasting of flop movies and its repeated telecasts. DD 3, a channel launched for actual affairs and arts, also died off with political interruptions. Amidst all this odd, Doordarshan now maintains 10 National channels, about 40 regional channels and two international broadcasting. Nevertheless, despite the introduction of new channels and programs, Doordarshan still is no t able to reclaim the bequest that it enjoyed few years before the introduction of satellite channels. By 1996, there were almost 20 satellite and cable channels vying up for commercials for their survival apart from state broadcaster, which only increased by 2001 to occupy almost 250 channels, there by splitting the advertising revenue radically, affecting the state broadcaster depending upon commercials as well.The remarkable shift in the content orientation of Public broadcaster began when Doordarshan being unable to find programs to run 24 hour long in DD 2, leased time to private channels. As such MTV, the icon of western culture, conquered that opportunity, swiftly moving from STAR TV to DD 2 in 1994. As Sinha (1996) opined, this purpose resulted in a mockery of the public broadcasting as a whole as Information and Broadcasting Minister K.P Singh Deos retorting in 1993 that cultural impact by satellite television will be met with Doordarshans indigenous programming strategy. A shift from state- domination to market dominated system, was both unwelcoming for a public broadcasting like Doordarshan in a developing country and inevitable as the source of income is otherwise limited to government fund. Shakthiman and Surabhi initially collected many commercials but later on its audience began to be swept away by the private channels because of the formers diminishing programme quality and repetitive themes, which led to the proliferation of the private channels which put forward attractive and novel concepts of programming.Moreover, as said earlier, since Doordarshan drastically failed in its definition of development communication, amidst the satellite channel revolution, it failed to come in itself as either a responsible public broadcaster or a commercial broadcaster. In the social responsibility theory, the media has certain obligations to baseball club to serve its needs rather than the market. It expects journalists to answer societys need for truth , requires an open and diverse debate on public issues, and honest updates of current events. In this model, media ethics is automatic because the press is free to serve its purpose for the public, as opposed to special interest groups or advertisers (Coleman, B 2009). Constraints by the organizational setup of Prasar Bharatu, public broadcasting in India took an entirely distinct meaning that of a low production quality broadcasting (Vasanti, 2009)Political Broadcasting or Propaganda MachineRealizing the potential of public service broadcasting, BBC model of radio broadcasting was adopted in India on 1930s. Since its inception and mainly by and by independence, it had been under the prejudices of Congress Party, who were ruling India for decades by and by independence. As Jeffrey (2006) pointed, after independence the legacy of broadcasting came under the control of Congress party, who put their own experiences, ideas and prejudices into media policy and most of the policy makers were hostile and ignorant towards media.In the plate of television, perhaps, Indira Gandhi is the first Minister who recognized the potentiality of television for political propaganda. By 1970, the number of television sets drastically increased as the popularity of both the television sets and Indira Government soared. It was during the emergency period (June 26, 1975- January 1977) that great developments occurred as far as broadcasting is considered, even though it is considered as the darkest period for print media and for the society at large. By 1976, seven more transistors began to be operated in different parts of India- Bombay, Srinagar, Amritsar, Pune, Calcutta (Kolkatta), Madras (Chennai) and Lucknow. As per the Chanda Commission physical composition, television and Air was separated in haste making television broadcasting a separate department, realizing the wide acceptability of this new medium among the public. It did almost nothing for the sake of society and was m oving away from its social responsibilities for which it was introduced, but making itself as a propaganda machine for the Congress Government.DD 3 was initially planned as a channel dedicated to arts, dance, drama and current affairs, but was scrapped days before its expected launch in 1994 by then Congress Prime Minister, Narasimha Rao. Doordarshan planned to revamp its current affairs programme through this new channel making use of its monopoly of live broadcasting. This would have brought credibility and authenticity to its news service. However, Doordarshan being politically dominated, the survival of it was hardly possible amidst the unforgiving invigilation of Ministry. The Congress government thought that the failure of their party in the by- election in some southern states is due to the activism of Doordarshan in current affairs, and that they felt this new channel could act against them in the coming elections also. By this termination, Doordarshan lost its opportunity to capture audience credibility as well as the market through its live coverage. It the next year, however, DD3 was re-launched with only to peter out within a few days due to financial burden as per the government. It was only in 2003 that Doordarshn again came out with a 24 hour news channel, replacing DD2. Hence Doordarshan always was expected to be politically committed to the government that fixed its fate as well as failure. For instance in the post- emergency election campaign, Indira Gandhi ordered the Delhi Station to screen Bobby(1974), a blockbuster film, in order to minimize the crowd at the oppositions partys rally. As Jeffrey (2006) pointed out amidst the envious tradition of media freedom, English speaking journalists and expanding electronic industry, the AIR and Doordarshan could not mold itself into a ductile and fast moving organization mainly because of its government clutches. Since its inception, public broadcasting continuous to face two major concerns the amount government control and the public broadcasters stand in political discussion. Even after forming Prasar Bharathi Board, this apprehension continuous as Prasar Bharati is still answerable to government because the source of funding is from government.Despite the abstruse and highly experienced human resources they possess, sincerity towards the duty as a social broadcaster was never performed by the officials. They are only answerable to the Parliament, not to the public, unlike BBC. Red tapism, beurocracy and bottle necks are rampant over the corridors. Lack of transparency, both in the managerial and financial take away the credibility of Doordarshan among the audience. The news bulletins broadcasted in DD1 AND DD News is premeditated in such a way that no opposition parties will get ample positive representations. This makes the programmes partial, unbalanced, discriminatory and subjective, in a country where there is absolute freedom of expression.Failures withinPublic Br oadcaster must be a powerful instrument of social, cultural and political development rather than just an alternative consumer service. There are some general consensuses about a Public Service Broadcaster despite its fleck of origin- i) the signals must be available to all devoid of any discrimination of caste, creed or religion, ii) the programmes should be of good quality for the public good and social enlightment taking into consideration the diverse audience and needs, and iii) it should be independent, autonomous and free from political and religious pressure. As far the public broadcasting of India is concerned, first criteria mentioned is well implemented, but back dropped in the other two.Even before the onslaught of satellite channels, Doordarshan was falling into the trap of overt entertainment by concentrating on soaps like Buniyaad and Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, film musical shows like Chitrahar, Rangoli, the ideal period which could have been wisely used to make quality prog rammes. The opportunity was massive as it can be considered as a golden period of Doordarshan since it had the strong support from the part of audience whose only visual experience was through this channel. As a public broadcaster Doordarshan miserably failed in utilizing this period to build a strong stand of development communication and nature of programming. The invasion of mediasphere by the satellite channels wouldnt have made much impact on the public broadcaster if they would have made use of the monopoly they were enjoying. After the satellite channel boost, the road was indecipherable and tough as satellite channels backed with incisive financial support and quality maintiaing human resource began to conquer the households. Since it is not a profit and loss enterprise like commercial channels, it does not have the requisite push for better programming.Another major agreement for their failure is their inefficiency or laggardness in considering the different notions of de velopment. Till this period, development communication is only limited to agriculture (e.g. Karishi Darshan) and agro-related programmes, though India is basically an agrarian society. Human development, social and cultural development and development in science and technology, industry, small scale industry etc are almost neglected. Except for only a countable programmes like Surabhi, Programme by professor .Yaspal, World this week by Prannoy Roy, Ankom Deki by Nalini Singh etc, it is not taking the don of an agent of social change in the Indian Public sphere. Minorities, ethnics and aboriginals are not given enough representations, space, and time by the public broadcaster, making them underrepresented. If Doordarshan has actively intervened in these areas of tribes, aboriginals, minorities etc it would have been a good opportunity for Doordarshan in the social reconstructions and society rebuilding.In the area of news as well, Doordarshan has failed dejectedly as often editorial decision is vested upon political patronage. The scrapped DD3 is a satisfactory example. It is not able to shed effective and powerful public opinion, plat form for discussion and debate and participations. For instance, News Bulletins are the trade mark of Doordarshan, which they boast as the perfect way of presenting current affairs to the society. The embargo imposed upon DD3 when it was introduced in 1985, created a cleft in its journey to attain incomparable position as a current affairs channel. As a reprisal, Doordarshan still follows the very old traditional method of news processing and dissemination, that seems to be mechanical and peripheral with no profundity or investigative which often looks like government declarations and gazette. It often fails to get ample international news and footages because it lacks cooperations, sharing, and give and take from international news agencies and media groups.To add with the anguish, Doordarshan broadcasted programmes according to their national mandate not taking into consideration the diverse culture and linguistics of the nation. When channels are becoming more and more place and niche-casted, as Agrawal, Raghaviah (2006) opined, one short coming Doordarshan faced was its Delhi-centric view of India especially in news coverage. Even though having innumerable regional channels, their authority is always vested with the centre.Though Doordarshan has the largest number of channels in its bouquet (see appendix 1), due to the lack of innovation, novelty and quality, it left itself to be the medium of villagers and low-income people, who have no other choice, but to content with the contents of the free broadcasting. 65% of population has access to satellite channels either through cable connection or DTH, convey to the technological growth, but Doordarshan is viewed gravely by the remaining few. Doordarshan has not taken any strategy to take into considerations these minority viewers by effectively acti vating them through informative developmental programmes as media plays a vital role in nation building as a viable channel of development communication. It was in this concept that Rogers interpreted Diffusion of Innovation theory. Mass media channels are more effective in creating knowledge of innovations among the society where it will administer and spread through interpersonal communication. But this is not made use by Doordarshan even though has amble space for proper development communication.Even though Doordarshan entered into the media race by increasing the channels number and altering its contents, it was never considered as a strong competitor by other commercial channels due to its clichd and outdated contents and poor telecast and presentation quality. The management structure and political pressure were the two main factors for the technological backwardness of public service broadcasting in India. In spite of the formation of Prasar Bharathi Corporation, it was not able to maintain autonomy as the management was always at the mercy of the ruling party.Doordarshan have the number one geographical coverage on Indian Population of 92% but it miserable fails to cater these populations with the use of modern technologies like online broadcast, internet protocol television formats and OB van broadcasts which is quite commonly utilized by commercial channels. For any television industry whether commercial or public broadcaster, the threat is evident in the proliferation of new media technologies like online content delivery, social networking sites, blogs etc, where contents are updated every seconds. When many of the commercial channels have taken the new online platform as a complimentary step rather than adversary by making the new technologies for catering interactive relationship with audience (through their effective websites, audience forum, enquiry board etc), Doordarshans online presence is just synonymous to a mere programme chart.The reas on for the technological backwardness lies at the point that the focus of Indian broadcasting since 1970s had been largely on hardware expansion, not the quality maintenance. For instance after 1982, the agenda was each transmitter a day which has now become 1400 terrestrial transmitters altogether. Even though it made possible for the proliferation of television in countryfied areas, it didnt do much to improve the software techniques or quality aspects.In 1982, P.C Joshi committee was appointed to prepare the software plan for Doordarshan- An Indian Personality for Television. The report had ambitiously discovered the pitfalls of Public broadcasting in India and had come up with viab

Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit

Cause of the Difference among air jacket and East Eating HabitThe Cause of the Difference between West and East Eating Habit1. IntroductionWhy people distinguish calling between western sandwich and east or Eastern and Western. at that place are many reasons, maybe it is because that it is divided by ocean which people cannot easily cross. In the other word, East countries and West countries were not easily connected until some point in the past. In that sense, sustenance culture is also very different. Even though eating habit is a part of nutrition culture, there is an obvious contrast between the East and West. In this report, we will compare what is different about the eating habits and find out nutritional problems.2. methodological analysisData was collected from international co-worker and friends from March of 2017, aged 2535 year olds.3.1. The Cause of Different Eating Habit between Western and Eastern a. Main feed ingredients for environment -The most of the Eastern countries learn good weather for growing grains. Among them is especially rice. The rice grows well in the monsoon temper. The features of monsoon climate are the seasonal change of the wind, the humid summer, and the dry winter. Though this climate often brings death and destruction, monsoon rains are an annual phenomenon in Asia and are vital for food productivity and overall economic growth. This led to the development of rice and vegetable dish rather than western. On the contrary, most of the Western countries climate have conform to the wheat and livestock indus pick up Suraj Yadav (2014)provide information about wheat which is well growing in cool, moist climate and ripens in a warm, dry climate. U.S section of Agriculture (2011) provide information about a largeof wheat is still have been produced in the Western and it has been exporting to the Asian countries. http//necsi.edu/research/economics/grainconsumption.html For this reason, a variety of flour based food has be en created and have developed in the West, for example, bread, pizza, pasta and so on. Also, there is a wide range of fields for heave livestock. This was a good way to get quality meat, so eating a meat meal is common. Therefore, the recipe and grooming methods for bread and meat have developed, Even now, there are many kinds of food which are using the wheat and meat than East. On the other hand, the kind of recipes for rice and vegetables in the West countries are very few compared to East countries. b. Differences Food Culture We can see the difference in eating habit by the tool. Westerners cook the food ingredients in large pieces and cut the food on their plates using knives and forks while east people cut food ingredients into bite size before cooking, thus use chopsticks to eat. The use of these tools is affecting the cooking time and eating time. To put it simply, Western food tends to need more time to cook and eat, because using the extensive food ingredients throug h that survey, we can know this information2) The Problem of Each Eating Habita. The problem about eating habitsIt is commonly known that Eastern people eat food quickly. As mentioned above, this is why, it is influenced by the cooking tool and cooking methods, but it causes fleshiness because when people eat fast, people normally looking at less satiated than those who eat slower and therefore end up overeating. Ann MacDonald(2011)who is Harvard health contributor said that people who eat fast tend to necessitate more because they do not give their brains a chance to tell the body that it is full, even they tend to swallow food without enough chew, and favour the salty flavour, but these eating habits are very harmful to stomach.On the other hand, a lot of Western people prefer frying as cooking methods. Many dishes are easily cooked by this methods, but it can cause many diseases such as obesity, hypertension. S.D. Wells(2011)warn about the danger of fried foodand they tend t o prefer sweetness. Sweetness is a property of sugar. It is known to be the cause of diabetes and obesity, and Julie Corliss(2014) executive editor said that sugar may raise the risk of dying of nerve centre disease.b. The nutrition problem of each main food. For our health, we should carefully check and study food nutrition facts. Let us take a look at the rice and wheat which we were examples above.RICEhttp//nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5716/2Nutrition InformationAs you can see in the chart, rice has high calories, the nutrient which can be a cause of obesity and these nutrient elements that are more important such as less vitamin B, proteinWHEATNutrition InformationWheat has big been controversial among a great number of scientist. Wheat has many nutrients but also has many problems. KRIS Gunnars(2013)said that wheat contains a gluten which many people cannot aright digest. It causes anaemia, bloating and so on.ConclusionTo sum up from what has been dis cussed above, it goes without saying that our eating habits are influenced by various environmental factors and our eating habits have a lot of problems. Especially, obesity and adult disease coming from wrong eating habits are the serious problems in a modern society. We need to lay our heads together to solve that problem. We should try healthy eating habits to live a happy and healthy life.The Reference List Ann, M. (2010, Oct 19).Why eating slowly may help you feel full faster. Retrieved from http//www.health.harvard.edu/ communicate/why-eating-slowly-may-help-you-feel-full-faster-20101019605Julie, C. (2014, Feb 06).Eating too much added sugar increases the risk of dying with heart disease. Retrieved fromhttp//www.health.harvard.edu/blog/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-2014020670213) Kris, G. (2013, May 27).Potential problems with whole wheat. Retrieved fromhttps//authoritynutrition.com/6-ways-wheat-can-destroy-your-health/Suraj, Y. (2 014, APR 15). Climatic conditions for growing wheat. Retrieved from http//www.importantindia.com/12612/climatic-conditions-for-growing-wheat/U.S Department of Agriculture. (2011). Global Grain wasting disease Map. Retrieved fromhttp//necsi.edu/research/economics/grainconsumption.htmlWells, S. (2011, Dec 26).Health Basics Why are fried foods terrible for your health?. Retrieved fromhttp//www.naturalnews.com/034483_fried_foods_health_damage.html

Human Resource Management Essay

gay Resource Management EssayIntroductionI want to develop my research to formulate a specific research fountainhead which I will then be able to write a full report on. The initial review looks at HRM as a whole and the theories that surround this, often over-looked, subject. Specifically, I want to look at how the HRM structure works deep down the tourism industry, especially tone at a major British holiday compevery and focussing on how HRM motivate their employees in various aspects of the business such as the guest service department. However, to achieve this I must first look at HRM as a topic to get the background research for my project to begin. gentlemans gentleman Resource Management in the Tourism IndustryAs a direct result of new and to a greater extent sophisticated technology becoming in stock(predicate) to us, businesses argon increasingly growing to such an extent that they develop into a global concern. This means that the role of Human Resource Management has be have very(prenominal) important inwardly businesses, alone it is still looked upon as a lower department. However, the concept of Human Resource Management (HRM) has been heavily debated in literature and is employ more increasingly within employment sector nerves. The history of HRM could be summarised as it being developed initially from work in the USA in the 1960s and 1970s and was created from several interrelated sources and since then the concept has been spread from the USA, into atomic number 63 and eventually Australasia. There is no formal definition of HRM because different companies involve different definitions from various evidential sources. Basically, HRM can be defined as a range of circumstances that affect the employment and contribution of people, against the criteria of coherence and appropriateness (Brewster, 1994). However, Kirkbride (1994) suggested that the use of the term HRM gives the general sense of the policies, procedures and processes inv olved in the management of people in various work environments. Bratton and Gold (1999) too noted that a definition of the subject matter under which HRM covers would help to analyse and understand the HRM practices. They also defined HRM the subject asThat part of the management process that specialises in the management of people in work validations. Human Resource Management accentes that employees are the primary preference for gaining a sustainable and free-enterprise(a) advantage, and that man election activities need to be integrated within the corporate strategy, and that human resource specialists help organisations to meet both the efficiency and equity objectives...Mead (1998) states that the key terms in HRM literature are strategical focus. This meant that the need for human resource policies and practices had to be consistent with the overall business strategy, allowing the individual sections of a HRM package to reinforce to each one other. This should partic ularly emphasise teamwork, flexibility, employee involvement and organisational freight. This, however, is a completely opposite message to the traditional demands on the human resource systems of countries like USA where there is a collective bargaining arrangement from both the employers and the policy-makers. Therefore, the product market environment of the 1980s changed this situation so that the traditional demands would still be met, but at the same time the human resource management system would also meet their new demands at the level of the individual employee and throughout the entire organisation (Beaumont, 1993). The Harvard Business School attempt to strategic HRM suggests that the need for all the people involved with the business organisation, such as the employees, their union, the customers, etc., should be interpreted into account when considering any organisational arrangements, and making employee influence one of the leading policy areas in their attempt to dev elop a pro-active, strategic and broad-based HRM orientation in each individual organisation or department. The terms and content have changed considerably through the 1980s and 1990s, with a greater emphasis at present being placed on the financial, colloquy and problem-solving activities. (Beaumont, 1993).Again, Bratton and Gold (1999) also stated that HRM could be describe as the organisations valued assets, emphasising the commitment of employees as a means of competitive advantage, and therefore creating calculative, quantitative and strategic managerial aspects of managing the workforce in a rational and humane way.HRM PracticesAs there is an increase in the greater quality of competition, the higher the emphasis on the market and the constantly changing attitudes towards work itself has made it necessary to identify and adopt different management approaches. Even though the focus has moved from a structural and systematic way of thinking to the development of specific manag erial practises that will stimulate a corporate culture and in return employee commitment is secured to the extensive use of employee resources by the HRM. Therefore, in order to understand why HRM is needed in the tourism industry, it is important to look at the role of HRM within an organisation, as this is the custodian of competitiveness.A review of the literature based on foreign HRM by Harzing and Ruysseveldt (1995) revealed three main areas of discourse staffing, training and development, assessment and compensation. These are also considered to be the main activities in both domestic and international HRM. In general, staffing issues in an international organisation usually involve filling small management presents. This means that almost all employees in the middle management and more operative levels are always selected and recruited on a topical anaesthetic base to the organisation. Sometimes, when certain candidates for upper management posts are being recruited, th ere are various options as to whether choose a candidate from the organisations parent-country nationals, their host-country nationals or even third-country nationals. The last-place choice, however, is definitely dependant on the attitude of the top level management at the parent organisation.According to Perlmutter (1969), these attitudes can be divided into three primeval categories Ethnocentricity, Polycentricity, and Geocentricity. In respect to quality, top level management is continuously battling to weigh professional managerial skills and technical competence against environmental adaptiveness. Therefore, the ability to adapt to local cultures is a major factor, involving not only if the candidate, but also their partner and their immediate family as well.Training and development activities within international HRM systems, places such emphasis on shifting from the preparatory training needs of expatriates to a fully international training and development system which is available to all managers and will better their performance in a global perspective, regardless of their country of origin. Today, these activities are crucial to international HRM. They can be wide-ranging which means the person who gets the craft will need to know the specific organisational structure to which they will be assigned and the job and task skills required of them there.They must also acquire an sagacity of the local area including such things as the social, cultural, and legal aspects and develop the necessary interpersonal skills with which to perform well in various situations. The importance of the last devil areas however was pointed out in a survey conducted by Harzing and Ruysseveldt (1995), where they identified cultural sensitivity and the ability to handle responsibility as well as the ability to develop employees, a managers three most important skills in their job role.Finally, the last important task identified was that of assessment and compensation. This process of assessing and compensating international managers is complex in nature and can be reflected in the requirements used in such assessments. For example, Adler and Bartholomew (1992) suggested that these requirements are often a reflection of a more traditional approach to international managers, thus meaning their methods are based on the ethnocentric attitudes held by high management levels that are predominantly apply parent-country nationals to staff their companys foreign subsidiaries. However, such subsidiaries are subordinates to the main headquarters, both on an organisational and cultural level.As a result, more open-minded, authors, such as Brewster (1994) and Stonehouse (2000) have taken part in the continuing debate on the concept of strategic HRM. They have argued that the underlying concept is the idea that human resources are not only a high operating cost for most organisations, but are also a major factor in the contribution of the effective utilizati on of all the organisations resources as well.The Importance of HRM and the Business StrategyOne of the main features that defines strategic HRM is its close relationship to the businesss main strategy and is creates the argument of is there a direct correlation between strategic HRM and economic achievement? HRM only becomes strategic when in private sector human resources are promoted to a position where the organisation looks and treats them as a competitive advantage (Kochan and Dyer, 1992).This has raised a key debate in terms of how HRM can contribute to the overall success and competitiveness of the business. Until recently, however, most companies preferred a reactive management method within their human resources, leaving the personnel management to consist mainly of administrative activities.The creation of multiple new macro economies have led to the concept and recognition of people as a valuable asset which if managed as a strategic resource can help an organisation to achieve superior performance levels and gain a greater competitive advantage. This awareness has led human resource management directly into the spotlight (Storehouse, 2000). Therefore, HRM has a definite strategic approach in arranging human resources and getting involved in a closer alignment of employment allocation systems on with business strategy.The integration of HRM and business strategy means that the level at which the HRM issues are considered are now playing a larger role in the formulation of business strategies. Indeed, HRM intends to focus on the issue of strategy and the more organisations that become knowledgeable of this relationship, the more human behaviour becomes a competitive factor, which is closely linked to the strategic direction of the particular organisation.According to Kirkbride (1994), an integration of business strategy and HRM as described earlier can have several advantages. Firstly, integration means that a broader range of solutions is availab le for solving complex organisational problems without the need for external help. Secondly, it ensures that the human, financial, and technological resources also are given equal consideration when setting targets and spirit at the implementation capabilities.Third, through this kind of integration, various organisations can explicitly concentrate on the individual employees, who the departments comprise of and their needs and only then can they implement their policies. Finally, the response to integrating human resources and strategic plans can limit the level of domination of strategic planning in consideration of human resource preferences and, thus neglecting human resources as a crucial source of organisational operations and the creation of competitive advantage.Whichever way you look at it, there is a growing body of evidence that supports the link of an association between high performing human resource management and organisational performance. It has been found that bu sinesses whom linked HRM practices with their business strategy are constantly delivering higher financial performance outcomes. Beaumont (1993) argued that it is not just the relationship that is important but the quality of the HRM practices and a distinct approach is necessary in delivering high performance indicators. HRM strategies and practices must therefore be working well together within the individual businesss strategy planning.ConclusionAll of the theories used in this review have been extensively researched to settle in their final point of view. This means that it should not be that difficult to find any related researches within the subject field or any other secondary data I come across to answer my research questions and meet the objectives of my research as a re-analysis of all the data that has been already collected could develop a new approach to the research.Search of secondary-data will be aided by internet searches which should prove useful for survey results like organizational surveys, academic surveys organizations employee attitudes, email questions etc. Also, looking at and obtaining multiple-source data that has been published such as journals from tourism business magazines, books, government publications and organization reports. On closure, an important note to remember is that the results from my research and survey, along with the results from other surveys found, including the relations with the literature review, should meet my research topic generally and settle in a clear and informative answer to my research question and its objectives.BibliographyBeaumont, P. (1993). Human Resource Management Key Concepts and Skills. Sage Publications.Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999). Human resource management theory and practice. Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave.Brewster, C. (2003). Line Management responsibility for HRM What is happening in Europe? MCB UP Ltd. (Journal)Dessler, G. (2008). Human Resource Management (11th Ed.). Prentice-H all Inc.Harzing, A. Ruysseveldt, J. (1995). International Human Resource Management. Sage PublicationsKirkbride, P. (1992). Human Resource Management in Europe. Routledge, LondonMaund, L. (2001). An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Palgrave MacMillanMead, R. (1998). International Management Cross-Cultural Dimensions. Blakewell PublicationsStonehouse, G. (2000). Business Strategy (2nd Ed). Butterworth-HeinemannFinal word Count 2047 (excluding references/bibliography)Carl Edwards

Fredrick Douglass Essay -- essays research papers

After reading the Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave, I withstand received a better understanding of the life of a slave. Douglass has a way of explaining the trials and tribulations of a slave, which makes the reader, look at the situations in a different perspective. Douglass memorial was originally oral and he eventually sat down and wrote it as score of events of that time during his life. I believe he wrote it not just to class his story but for other abolitionists of the time to actually feel what the slaves went through.Douglass begins his narrative in a very original way. He does not jump into the accounts of his life. alone he begins very passive and describes the overseers in a detailed manner. He compares one of his slave know, Mr. Covey, to a horse breaker. A horse breaker trains horses to be obedient and this is exactly what Mr. Covey does, he trains slaves in a similar way. The audience Douglass is trying to appeal to are the other abol itionists who he wants to convince that these masters were wrong for their treatment of other human beings. The other abolitionists consist mainly of white, middle-class individuals, usually women. They were the most literate people of the time, therefore they could read this story and understand where Douglass was coming from. He did not go into gruesome details because the women of that time could not handle the gory descriptions of the beatin...

Rational Emotional Behavior Therapy Case Study Conceptualization and Tr

Rational Emotional Behavior Therapy Case Study of Sarah A Conceptualization and Treatment patternRational emotive port therapy, REBT, was developed by Albert Ellis and holds the central belief that the events in our lives do not cause our disturbances but that they are instead caused by our view of the events (Murdock, 2009). Murdock (2009) states that people are seen as responsible for their behavior (p. 279) but, because they are constantly changing and processing, their value or worth is not measured by their behavior. According to REBT, healthy individuals function with sharp beliefs (Murdock, 2009). Sarahs needs can best be met through the use of REBT as the therapist incorporates the interventions of role-playing and disputing, stop and monitor, and recognizing and changing irrational thought patterns, while striving for the goal of eliminating irrational thinking, dysfunctional emotions, and behaviors and teaching Sarah the philosophy of REBT. REBT will allow Sarah to over come and replace her irrational beliefs and in turn experience healthy consequences and emotions. Presenting ConcernsSarah James, a 26-year-old Caucasian female, is seeking notify in response to the unveiling of a family secret. Upon learning of the existence of an older familiar and the, in her mind, poorly handled events surrounding the secret, Sarah is questioning her relationships and views of her family members. Sarah is unsure of what to do with the information she has been presented and is reevaluating her childhood, which she once thought had been near perfect. She is feeling confused, frustrated, angry, and isolated and these feelings and emotions have brought her to seek counsel over the situation.Case ConceptualizationBa... ... and religion. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 31 (1), 29-33. Jones, S.L., & Butman, R.E. (1991). Modern psychotherapies A comprehensive Christian appraisal. Downers Grove, IL InterVarsity Press.Lega, L.I., & Ellis, A. (2001). Ra tional emotional behavior therapy (REBT) in the new millennium A cross cultural approach. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19 (4). 201-222.Minor, J. (2007). Some reasons why I use REBT in my private commit and personal life. Et Cetera, 64 (4), 320-323.Murdock, N.L. (2009). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy A case approach (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Merrill-Pearson. Ziegler, D.J. (2000). Basic assumptions concerning human nature underlying rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) personality theory. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 18 (2), 67-85.